Facial shape and craniofacial anthropometry associated with masticatory muscle pain: A clinical study

Objective: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between facial morphology and cranial anthropometric parameter; with masticatory muscle pain, notably in the masseter and temporalis muscles. Material and Method: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted involving 69 adult participants aged 18-50 year. Craniofacial dimensions, including head length, width and height, were measured using standardized anthropometric techniques. Facial shape was classified visually into round, oval or square types. Pain in the masticatory muscles was assessed using standardized palpation protocols based on the diagnostic criteria for temporo-mandibular disorders (TMDs), along with the visual analogue scale and numeric rating scale. Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: No statistically significant association was noted between facial shape or cranial dimensions and in the presence of pain in either the masseter or temporalis muscles (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that craniofacial morphology does not independently predict the occurrence of masticatory muscle pain. Conclusion: The absence of a significant correlation underscores the multifactorial nature of myofascial pain, which is more strongly influenced by functional behavior, psychological stressors and parafunctional habits such as bruxism. Clinicians should adopt a biopsychosocial approach to the evaluation and management of TMDs, rather than relying solely on craniofacial structure.