Hyperrealistic 3D Models for the Simulation of SurgicalProcedures in Peyronie’s Disease

Background: Penile curvature correction surgeries for Peyronie’s disease require a learning curve to acquire confidence and precision in optimally performing the procedures for the patient. Given that these interventions are not frequent in daily practice, surgical simulation with hyperrealistic models can be a tool for correctly and safely acquiring technical skills. Materials and Methods: We developed hyperrealistic models with different curvature degrees that allow the complete simulation of Peyronie’s disease correction surgeries. These models were evaluated and validated by specialist clinicians and residents in training using a specific questionnaire for this measurement. Results: The penile models have different curvature degrees and are anatomically accurate, mimicking corpora cavernosa, urethra, Buck’s fascia, neurovascular structures and skin layer. They were designed with different degrees of consistency and hardness to simulate any of the surgical techniques used to correct penile curvatures. In an initial simulation, the overall model accuracy was 3.8 (standard deviation (SD) 1.1) out of 6, improving to 4.8 (SD 0.9) out of 6 in the second simulation performed after the models had been developed and the materials improved. The model was recommended by participants for training in penile curvature correction procedures, with a score of 4.5 (SD 1.3) out of 6. Conclusions: Hyperrealistic penile curvature models developed using additive printing may be an alternative for acquiring experience in performing penile curvature correction procedures and improving the outcomes and safety in real patient surgeries.