Standardization of Kushta (Calx): An Evidence-based Review in Specific Reference to Analytical Methods

Kushta (calx) is a finely calcined Unani formulation prepared from metals/minerals and even animals and some plants, to detoxify them and to make them therapeutically safe and bioavailable. It is the finest powder and the most plausible dosage form for the quick absorption and action due to its small particle size. Furthermore, its low dose is an added advantage. Kushta is often blamed for a lack of vigorous quality, safety, and efficacy data. Moreover, most of the laid-down parameters for the evaluation of certain traditional drugs are not applied to Kushta , probably because of its limited use. Since it is sometimes used in Unani Medicine, Ayurveda, and Siddha, there should be robust evaluation methods to determine its quality and safety, and to ensure safety, maintain consistency, confirm proper calcinations, and meet regulatory guidelines. Classical methods of standardization, such as color, odor, taste, and smell, are trailing nowadays, and conventional methods, like physicochemical methods, are also inconsistent. Therefore, they are not providing accuracy. Presently, analytical methods are gaining popularity because of convincing outcomes. Hence, a blend of all these methods will enable the evidence-based criteria for standardisation of calx.