Unseen and unreported: Hidden and imputed energy poverty in the Basque Country

This article proposes a multidimensional classification of energy poverty in the Basque Country, combining objective, subjective, and structural risk indicators using data from the Poverty and Social Inequalities Survey (PSIS). This approach allows us to distinguish between declared, imputed, and potential energy poverty, and to characterize the most susceptible social profiles. The results show an overrepresentation of single-parent households, migrants, and individuals with precarious employment, as well as a gap between actual experiences of the phenomenon and its recognition by governmental organizations. The findings support the development of early-detection mechanisms and targeted interventions for structurally vulnerable households that may remain below conventional income-based thresholds. • A multidimensional approach reveals hidden and potential forms of energy poverty in households. • Nearly 10% of Basque households meet objective energy poverty thresholds, but only a small fraction self-report difficulties. • Single-parent, migrant, and precarious households show the greatest exposure to energy poverty. • Results show need for early detection and targeted support for vulnerable households.