Elevated ASGR1 as a Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Coronary Artery Disease and Predictor of Adverse Outcomes in Hypertensive Patients.

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. Comparative analysis of plasma ASGR1 levels across clinical subgroups in hypertensive with or without CAD. (A) Plasma ASGR1 concentrations in hypertensive with CAD (CAD, n = 286) or without CAD (non‐CAD, n = 59; Mann–Whitney U test, p < 0.001). (B) Plasma ASGR1 expression in hypertensive cohorts cross‐stratified by CAD phenotype (non‐CAD, n = 59) and angiographic vessel involvement (CAG ≤ 2, n = 110; CAG > 2, n = 176, non‐CAD vs. CAG ≤ 2, p < 0.001; non‐CAD vs. CAG > 2, p < 0.001; CAG ≤ 2 vs. CAG > 2, p = 0.877). (C) ASGR1 levels in hypertensive patients stratified by coronary syndrome phenotype: Isolated hypertension (non‐CAD, n = 59), CCS (n = 73), and ACS (n = 213) (non‐CAD vs. CCS, p < 0.001; non‐CAD vs. ACS, p < 0.001; CCS vs. ACS, p = 0.006). (D) Analysis of plasma ASGR1 levels in hypertensive patients stratified by CAD severity (non‐CAD, n = 59; CCS, n = 73; UA, n = 75; NSTEMI, n = 70; STEMI, n = 68) (non‐CAD vs. CCS, p < 0.001; non‐CAD vs. UA, p < 0.001; UA vs. NSTEMI, p < 0.001; UA vs. STEMI, p = 0.004). B‐D, Kruskal‐Wallis H test with Dunn's multiple comparisons test. ASGR1, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1; CAD, coronary artery disease; CAG, coronary angiography; CCS,…

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  FIGURE 2. Comparative performances of ASGR1 and conventional biomarkers for detecting hypertensive CAD patients. (A) Comparison of ROC curves for distinguishing CAD from non‐CAD patients with hypertension using ASGR1, lipid profiles, CK, CK‐MB, ALT and AST, respectively. (B) Spearman rank correlation analyze was performed to assess the relationships between ASGR1 expression and inflammatory factors (hs‐CRP, NE% and WBC), liver injury biomarkers (AST and ALT), cardiac injury biomarkers (CK, CK‐MB) and lipid profiles (TC, LDL‐C and HDL‐C). ASGR1, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; CAD, coronary artery disease; CK, creatine kinase; CK‐MB, creatine kinase MB; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; NE%, neutrophilic granulocyte %; WBC, white blood count. ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; *, p < 0.05.

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  FIGURE 3. Association between plasma ASGR1 expression and rehospitalization during follow‐up. (A) The HRs (red lines) and 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines) were calculated based on the restricted cubic spline for the relationship between plasma ASGR1 concentrations and the risk of rehospitalization. (B) Kaplan–Meier curve for rehospitalization. Low‐ASGR1: ASGR1 ≤ 17.945 ng/mL (blue line); High‐ASGR1: ASGR1 > 17.945 ng/mL (red line). HR, hazards ratio; ASGR1, asialoglycoprotein receptor 1.