Provenance of Obsidian Artifacts From the Late Chalcolithic Site of Tepe Gerdashawan in NW Iran

Fourteen Late Chalcolithic obsidian artifacts from Tepe Gerdashawan, southwest of Lake Urmia, were sourced to Nemrut Dağ and Meydan Dağ near Lake Van in eastern Türkiye. pXRF analysis confirms that these sources, also represented at contemporary sites in northwest Iran and northern Mesopotamia, reflect integrated exchange networks across the region. The predominance of eastern Anatolian sources in the west and south of Lake Urmia, contrasted with Syunik dominance in the north and east, suggests differentiated supply spheres and two principal routes: a western corridor along Lake Urmia and a trans‐Zagros connection via northern Mesopotamia.