Lithic technology and obsidian procurement at Erbaba Höyük: A techno-typological and geochemical perspective on late neolithic exchange networks in Central Anatolia

This study presents a comprehensive techno-typological and geochemical analysis of the lithic industry from Erbaba Höyük, a key Late Neolithic (7th millennium cal. BC) settlement in southwestern Central Anatolia. A total of 6,122 chipped stone artifacts were analyzed to clarify raw material procurement and production strategies within the broader context of regional exchange. The results demonstrate that obsidian is the dominant raw material (78.3%), with chert (21.7%) as the secondary material. The industry is characterized by pressure-knapping for blade production, with a notable absence of obsidian cores, suggesting the importation of pre-formed blanks or finished tools rather than on-site primary reduction. Geochemical characterization of 216 obsidian artifacts was conducted using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). The analysis identifies Central Anatolian sources as the exclusive origin of the obsidian, with Nenezi Dağ accounting for 73% and Göllüdağ East for 27% of the sourced samples. These findings reveal a significant shift in raw material preferences compared to earlier Neolithic sites in the Konya Plain, where Göllüdağ East typically predominates. The integration of Erbaba into specific regional exchange networks highlights the evolving socio-economic dynamics and resource management strategies of Late Neolithic communities in Anatolia.