All-Solid-State Electrochemical Artificial Muscles Enabled by Magnetically Aligned Ionic Liquid Crystal Elastomers.

, which is over 200% increase compared to that of polydomain ionic LCE. LCE-based all-solid-state electrochemically actuated artificial muscles are investigated by introducing carbon nanotube (CNT) coiled fibers as the actuating host materials in ionic LCE. The CNT/monodomain ionic LCE artificial muscles exhibit excellent driving performance with a maximum contraction stroke of 20.5% and a maximum contraction rate of 18.0%/min, which surpass those of the CNT/polydomain ionic LCE artificial muscle by 1.9 and 2.1 times, respectively. Furthermore, the artificial muscles show negligible attenuation of actuation performance in a vacuum and are demonstrated to rotate solar panels for powering vehicles. This work provides promising application scenarios for all-solid-state electrochemical artificial muscles in vacuum deformable structures and wearable smart textiles.