Phytochemical profiling and in vitro biological activities of Opuntia ficus-indica oil extracted by different methods.

). Antimicrobial activity was tested against representative Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Candida albicans using a disc diffusion assay, revealing the largest inhibition zones for the maceration-derived oil (9.7 ± 0.3 mm, 8.6 ± 0.2 mm, and 12 ± 0.6, respectively). Overall, the seed oil exhibits a rich phytochemical composition and substantial antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, underscoring its potential for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.