Crystallization modulation of methylammonium-free narrow-bandgap perovskite for thermal-stable all-perovskite tandem solar modules.

ions synergistically modulate the precipitation of Cs components and the growth process of perovskite films, achieving homogeneous nucleation and retarded crystal growth in formamidinium-cesium (FACs)-based Pb-Sn perovskites. Single-junction FACs Pb-Sn devices retained 85% of the initial efficiency after 700 hours at 85°C. The resultant all-perovskite tandem modules (20.25 square centimeters) achieved the certified PCE of 24.3%, representing the highest certified PCE among MA-free all-perovskite tandem modules. Encapsulated modules maintained 90 and 92% of their initial efficiency under ISOS-standardized damp heat (200 hours) and thermal cycling (200 cycles) tests, respectively.