Deep Learning of Histopathology Predicts Outcomes After Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer.

PURPOSE: Predicting recurrence of pancreatic cancer after surgery could inform clinical decision making, including adjuvant therapies and follow-up. This study aimed to develop and validate a deep learning model using digitized whole-slide images (WSI) of histopathology. METHODS: Publicly available WSI of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma resections from three cohorts were used for training. The model consisted of a pan-cancer foundation model to generate embeddings, mean-pooling across tissue patches, and then a fully connected neural network. Model predictions were compared with human-labeled histopathologic features and genomic alterations. The model was externally validated in a meta-analysis of a single-center cohort from Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, a multicenter cohort from France, and the PRODIGE 24 trial of adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: < .001). The classifications remained prognostic among moderately differentiated cancers. CONCLUSION: An open-source deep learning model using WSI from pancreatic cancer resections generated risk classifications that correlated with histopathologic and genomic features. Classifications were externally validated in a meta-analysis of three cohorts. This model could be applied to WSI to provide individualized prognostic information for patients.