Research demonstrates how fungi use ancient antimicrobials to influence host immunity and microbiota, indicating coevolutionary strategies.
effector Vd424Y affects host microbiota during infection and, more recently, evolved to target plant cell nuclei to manipulate host immunity. Thus, we argue that microbial antagonism is a fundamental fungal effector function and suggest that fungi repurposed ancient antimicrobials to serve diverse roles during host-pathogen coevolution.
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Mesny et al. (2026) studied this question.
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