Heamatological Stress and Renal Dysfunction Following Alcohol Exposure in Rats: A Biomarker-Based Assessment

This study evaluated alcohol’s effects on hematological and renal parameters in rats. The consumption of alcohol has been fundamental to socio-cultural dynamics worldwide. Alcohol has a significant negative impact on kidney function, in addition, it has effects on blood. Standard methods was used in carrying out the FBC, white blood cell differentials, and kidney function indices were assessed. The rats are group, (Groups A–G), showing significant differences (p < 0.05). Group B had the highest PCV (59.33 ± 0.57%), Hb (30.51 ± 0.08 g/dl), RBC (8.72 ± 0.14), MCH (35.37 ± 0.05 pg), and MCHC (51.62 ± 0.35 g/dl), while Group F recorded the lowest PCV (34.33 ± 0.57%), Hb (11.50 ± 0.23 g/dl), and RBC (4.68 ± 0.40). MCV remained relatively stable (~68.47–68.91 fL). TWBC was highest in Groups B and G (32.66 ± 0.57) and lowest in Group D (28.33 ± 0.57). Neutrophils peaked in Group F (44.43 ± 0.36%), while lymphocytes were highest in Group A (63.50 ± 5.46%) and lowest in Group B (44.13 ± 0.81%). Platelet counts ranged from 505.66 ± 1.15 to 532.33 ± 1.52, highest in Group C. Renal dysfunction was most evident in Group G, with elevated urea (31.25 ± 0.02 mg/dl) and creatinine (1.70 ± 0.06 mmol/l). Electrolyte imbalance included hyponatremia in Groups C (78.82 ± 0.14 mEq/L) and G (78.62 ± 0.08 mEq/L), hyperkalemia in Group F (7.30 ± 0.10 mEq/L), and increased bicarbonate in Group D (54.54 ± 0.15 mmol/l). Alcohol administration resulted in significant alterations in erythrocyte indices, immune cell distribution, and electrolyte balance. These findings indicate that alcohol induces hematological stress, immune dysregulation, and renal dysfunction in a dose-dependent and brand-dependent manner.