Multi-Reflectance-Spectroscopy, Part III: In-Line Monitoring of Milk Fat Globule Size via Sauter Diameter Using an Optical Sensor.

m), resultet in a test RMSE of 271 nm. For the separate 1.5 and 3.5 wt% fat lines, RMSE values of approximately 80 and 40 nm were obtained, respectively. These results demonstrate that the MRS-based optical sensor enables accurate, real-time in-line monitoring of fat globule size in complex dairy emulsions and represents a promising process-analytical tool for industrial process control.