Stage 1 Hypertension and the 10‐Year and Lifetime Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Real‐World Study

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flowchart. BP indicates blood pressure; CH, cerebral hemorrhage; CI, cerebral infarction; CV, cardiovascular; HTN, hypertension; and MI, myocardial infarction.

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  Figure 2. Lifetime risk of cardiovascular diseases, according to BP levels in 2006. A, Cardiovascular disease; B, cerebral hemorrhage; C, cerebral infarction; and D) myocardial infarction. Participants were stratified by BP levels on the basis of the following criteria: (1) a normal BP group (SBP <120 mm Hg and DBP <80 mm Hg); (2) an elevated BP group (SBP 120–129 mm Hg and DBP <80 mm Hg); (3) a stage 1 hypertension group (SBP 130–139 mm Hg or DBP 80–89 mm Hg); and (4) a stage 2 hypertension group (SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg or currently taking antihypertensive agents). BP indicates blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HTN, hypertension; and SBP, systolic blood pressure.

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  Figure 3. Ten‐year and lifetime risk of CVDs, according to BP levels. Hazard ratio calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for 10‐year and lifetime CVD risk after adjustments for age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol levels, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, family history of CVD, and uric acid levels. The hazard ratio of stage 1 hypertension is colored in red in the forest plot. BP indicates blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; HTN, hypertension; LT, lifetime; and PAR, population‐attributable risk.

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  Figure 4. The effectiveness of BP changes from 2006 to 2010 on future CVD risk. Hazard ratio calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis for 10‐year and lifetime CVD risk after adjustments for age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, fasting serum glucose, total cholesterol levels, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, family history of CVD, and uric acid levels. *Indicates the P value for difference <0.05, compared with participants who maintained their BP in the normal‐elevated group during the 2006 and 2012 cycles. BP indicates blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; HTN, hypertension; LTR, lifetime risk; and TYR, ten‐year risk.