A Mini Review on the Epidemiology, Transmission, and Clinical Features of Monkeypox Virus

Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, has emerged as a significant global health concern following its unprecedented outbreaks beyond endemic regions. The increasing frequency of human-to-human transmission, coupled with viral evolution, necessitates enhanced surveillance and public health interventions. This review provides a critical analysis of MPXV, encompassing its virology, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methodologies, therapeutic strategies, and preventive measures. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of vaccination, antiviral therapies, and global response efforts in outbreak mitigation. Furthermore, recent advancements in understanding MPXV pathogenesis, host adaptation, and immune response are explored. Through a critical analysis of recent references, this paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of monkeypox and propose future research directions to mitigate its spread.