Design, synthesis, enzymatic and in vivo antihyperglycemic activity evaluation of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives targeting multiple pathways in type 2 diabetes

antihyperglycemic activity of the chosen compounds, particularly compound 23, was proven using oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and chronic studies in diabetic rat models, resulting in a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose. The docking simulations revealed favorable binding affinities with all four targets, supporting the observed multitarget behavior. Together, these results demonstrate oxadiazole-tetrahydropyrimidinone hybrids as promising scaffolds for the development of balanced multitarget antidiabetic agents with potential for synergistic glycemic control through coordinated modulation of complementary metabolic pathways, offering improved therapeutic prospects in T2DM management.