This paper explores the impact of 3D model quality on user perception in augmented reality (AR), using the visualization of Gediminas' Tower in Vilnius as a case study. The research evaluates the relationship between polygon count, texture resolution, and user experience, focusing on visual realism, performance, and user satisfaction. Six variants of a 3D model were created, differing in mesh complexity and texture quality, and integrated into a mobile AR application. It should be noted that only a single diffuse texture map (albedo) was used, without normal maps or ambient occlusion. Technical performance (FPS, CPU load) and subjective feedback from 74 participants were analyzed using statistical methods such as ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), regression, and cluster analysis. The results show that polygon count significantly affects performance and user experience, while texture resolution has a marginal impact. Users preferred models optimized for mobile performance, suggesting the need for scalable model quality options in AR applications. The study provides actionable recommendations for balancing visual fidelity and system efficiency in heritage-focused AR design.
Kaźmierczak et al. (2026) studied this question.