Continuously graded-doped SnO2 for efficient n-i-p perovskite solar cells.

Key Points

• The study aims to improve the efficiency of n-i-p perovskite solar cells by engineering metal-oxide transport layers.
• Developed a graded-doping strategy for SnO2 transport layers.
• Investigated the energy-band engineering to enhance performance.
• Addressed limitations in conventional perovskite solar cell designs.
• Significant improvement in power conversion efficiency was observed.
• Efficiency gains were linked to optimized energy-band alignment.
• The approach helps to overcome traditional efficiency bottlenecks.