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This framework enhances breed identification in cattle and buffalo, suggesting improvements in productivity and conservation efforts.
India maintains one of the world's largest populations of cattle and buffaloes, with over 50 recognized indigenous breeds adapted across diverse agro-climatic zones. Accurate breed identification remains central to dairy productivity, genetic conservation, insurance administration, and government traceability initiatives. However, conventional breed recognition relies on subjective expert judgment, which is inconsistent—especially for crossbreds or visually similar breeds.
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Altaf et al. (2026) studied this question.
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