Information Protection as a Fundamental Principle V: Inflation, Reheating, Gauge Coupling Running, and Precision Cosmological Observables from Information-Response Dynamics

We apply the information-protection framework to the early universe and to gauge coupling evolution. The finite information-response time tau = 2/H modifies the inflaton dynamics, reduces the scalar perturbation sound speed to c_s^2 = 2/3, and yields the classical inflationary predictions n_s approx 0.971 and r approx 0.0555. Including the renormalization group flow of the scalar field between the GUT and inflationary scales generates an anomalous dimension that refines these to n_s approx 0.966 and r approx 0.046. Both values are rigid, zero-parameter targets for next-generation CMB experiments. We further derive the threshold corrections that drive gauge coupling unification at alpha_GUT^(-1) approx 59.0, reproduce the electroweak-scale couplings to within 0.2 percent, and obtain the Higgs mass m_H approx 125 GeV from first principles. The reheating temperature T_reh approx 6 x 10^14 GeV is independently fixed and yields a high-frequency gravitational wave background at f_peak approx 3 x 10^9 Hz. All results follow from the single information-response equation and the parameters fixed in Papers I--IV.