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Shows the third law of black hole mechanics is violated in extremal black holes, suggesting new insights into gravity theory.
AbstractKehle and Unger (2026, Phys. Rev. Lett.) prove numerically that the third law of black hole mechanics isviolated in five-dimensional vacuum gravity: an extremal rotating black hole — with vanishing surfacegravity κ = 0 — can form in finite time from a non-extremal precursor. This is the first example of sucha violation without a matter model. We show that this result is structurally complementary to fossilgravity theory. Supplement VIII derives that C_local → 0 as Hawking evaporation completes(Eq. VIII-21), describing the same extremal limit approached from the inside via evaporation.Kehle/Unger describe the same limit approached from the outside via accretion. The two paths areinverse processes in the fossil framework. We identify an open question for fossil gravity: the behaviourof the Zone ε phase boundary condition t_metric·t_C/t_P² = −1 in the extremal limit κ → 0, and whetherthe M² scaling of the Z_S term (Supplement VII, Eq. VII-29) remains well-defined at κ = 0. TheKehle/Unger result is in 5D; its extension to 4D remains open.
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Bodo Warteenberg (2026) studied this question.
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