From histological and molecular pathology to the inclusion of antibody-drug conjugates in clinical practice against ovarian cancers: Mechanisms of action and pharmacological safety.

1/2 mutations, hypermethylation, and deregulation of retinoblastoma 1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/Ras pathways. After conventional treatment (surgery with or without systemic chemotherapy) and follow-up by CA125 levels, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors and hormone therapies were included. Unfortunately, approximately half of advanced patients who achieved a complete response following chemotherapy exhibit residual tumor(s). In this context, ADCs displayed marked cytotoxicity and incorporated a hypothesis-driven target identification strategy to recognize specific/tumor overexpressing-proteins. Independent clinical studies bibliographic searches in the PubMed database conducted between January 2020 and May 2025 revealed some ADCs have expanded progression-free survival and displayed partial/complete remission in OC patients at small doses if compared to traditional chemotherapies, suggesting acceptable safety profiles and potential synergism among cisplatin/carboplatin/paclitaxel/doxorubicin and ADC-based immunotherapies. A total of 18 clinical trials selected indicate (i) mild-to-moderate severity of side/adverse effects up to grade 2, (ii) low intervention or drug discontinuation, (iii) few drug-related deaths, and/or (iv) reversible toxicity. Thus, therapeutic performance of ADCs demonstrated that personalized treatment maximizes clinical benefits and improves efficacy for heterogeneous populations and polyclonal tumors.