Effects of ramped GVS parameter combinations on vestibular perception and their application in a Virtual Reality flight simulator.

This study analysed the effects of four parameters (current intensity, rising time, maintenance duration, and falling time) of ramped galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on vestibular perception. Based on these findings, an optimal waveform for inducing roll sensation was designed and applied to a virtual reality (VR) flight simulator. Current intensity and rising time significantly affected perceived strength and annoyance, whereas maintenance duration affected only annoyance, and falling time showed no significant effects. Application of the recommended waveform in a VR flight simulator significantly increased presence and reduced simulator sickness compared with the no-GVS condition.