Figure 1. Early Interventions Can Prevent Progression of Frailty and Cardiovascular Disease Frailty is associated with subclinical cardiovascular remodeling including left atrial dilation, greater left ventricular mass index, worse diastolic function, and higher E/e' ratio. Without appropriate interventions, these patients develop progressive frailty and cardiovascular disease, including obstructive coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and decompensated heart failure. Early interventions that include physical exercise, identifying barriers to exercise, pharmacologic treatment of risk factors, that is, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity, and intervening with psychosocial, nutritional, and cognitive interventions, may reverse or halt the progression of frailty and prevent cardiovascular disease. CVD = cardiovascular disease; DM = diabetes mellitus; HLD = hyperlipidemia; HTN = hypertension.
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