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The review highlights surgical guidelines to improve animal welfare in pre-clinical research, emphasizing Refinement principles.
Good surgical practice Good surgical practice (GSP) is essential in pre-clinical research. In line with the principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs), we are ethically and legally committed to safeguarding the well-being of laboratory animals. This paper will focus on the history of GSP, which began in the late 1800s, when, thanks to the discovery of ether as an an-aesthetic, modern surgery was established.
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René Remie (2026) studied this question.
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