Traditional conductivity theories cannot explain the essential difference in conductive properties of substances composed of identical atoms, and contain inherent logical contradictions at the fundamental level. Based on the Photon-Thermal Unified Particle Model, this paper adopts standardized magnetic moment and magnetic peak as core physical quantities, and clarifies that **magnetic peak length directly determines atomic lattice density**. The conductivity of materials is jointly regulated by three factors: magnetic peak length, atomic lattice arrangement and the number of extranuclear valence electrons, rather than a single factor. The essential cause of insulators is that atoms with long magnetic peaks form stable topological structures via valence bond coupling, where extranuclear electrons are completely bound and incapable of interatomic transitions. For conductors, atoms possess moderate magnetic peak lengths, and the lattice arrangement forms continuous conduction channels allowing facile directional transitions of valence electrons. This paper clarifies for the first time that extranuclear electrons form an overall synchronously unilateral asymmetric array arrangement under conduction, spontaneously constructing the global optimal conduction path. It defines that electric current is essentially the directional transition transfer of valence electrons between atoms driven by the potential difference between positive and negative electrodes. Supplemented with experimental evidences such as conductivity differences of elements in the same main group and critical threshold laws of metallic conductivity, this paper forms a complete closed-loop logic covering the whole chain from microscopic particle structure to macroscopic conductive characteristics, which is fully consistent with existing electrical experimental phenomena.传统导电理论无法解释相同原子构成的物质导电性能差异的本质,且存在底层逻辑矛盾。本文基于光热统一粒子模型,以规范定义的磁矩、磁峰为核心物理量,明确**磁峰长度直接决定原子晶格密度**,物质导电能力由磁峰长度、原子晶格排布、核外价电子数目共同复合调控,而非单一因素决定。绝缘体的核心成因是长磁峰原子通过价键耦合形成稳定拓扑结构,核外电子被完全固定束缚,无法发生原子间跃迁;导体的核心成因是磁峰长度适中,晶格排布形成连续导通通道,价电子易发生定向跃迁。本文首次阐明导体导通时,核外电子会形成整体同步的单侧非对称阵列排布,自发构建全局最优导电路径;明确电流的本质是价电子在正负极势能差驱动下,形成的原子间跃迁式定向传递。本文新增同主族金属导电差异、金属导电临界阈值等实验佐证,完整闭环了从微观粒子结构到宏观导电特性的全链条逻辑,与现有电学实验现象完全适配。
qin zhang (Mon,) studied this question.