The Role of the State in Managing Scientific and Technological Development: From Theory to Practice

The article examines the evolution of views in economic theory on the role of the state in ensuring scientific and technological development, which are modified under the influence of increasing uncertainties associated with the acceleration of scientific and technological progress and technological competition, changing geopolitical conditions, and strengthening the course on technological sovereignty. New functions of the state in the process of technological development at the present stage are revealed, which form new contours of state policies in this area in the technological leaders. The importance of taking into account modern trends in state participation in the sphere of scientific and technological development for Russia, which is growing in the context of external restrictions and the current high technological dependence, is substantiated. The analysis of the main strategic decisions at the state level concerning strengthening technological independence and ensuring technological sovereignty in the country, adopted in the last three years, is carried out, their positive aspects and limitations are identified. Based on the analysis, the need for focused attention on such key areas of state scientific and technological policy as goal-setting, which should be based on high-quality long-term forecasts of scientific and technological development; the formation of scientific and technological priorities, which should be determined in unity with the general goals of the socio-economic development of the country; strengthening of program and project approaches in the management of scientific and technological development based on the transition to the practice of implementing projects of technological sovereignty and technological leadership; strengthening of scientific and technological potential is substantiated. The designated areas will improve the effectiveness of the state scientific and technological policy and the contribution of the scientific and technological factor to the sustainable development of the Russian economy.