Seasonal Variation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Selected Cash Crops During 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are important root symbionts that enhance nutrient uptake, improve plant growth, and maintain soil fertility. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate seasonal variation of AMF associated with selected cash crops viz., cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), and banana (Musa acuminata) during 2024. Root and rhizosphere soil samples were collected during monsoon, winter, and summer seasons. Root colonization percentage, colonization type, spore density, and AM fungal diversity were assessed using standard methods. The results revealed marked seasonal and host-specific fluctuations in AMF association. Sugarcane exhibited maximum root colonization during winter (100.0%) followed by summer (95.0%), while cotton showed highest colonization during monsoon (90.0%). Banana recorded comparatively lower colonization during monsoon (70.0%) but improved colonization during summer (85.0%). Maximum spore density was recorded in sugarcane during summer (117 spores/100 g soil), followed by winter (104 spores/100 g soil). Monsoon season showed moderate sporulation, whereas winter and summer favored higher AMF activity. The findings indicate that sugarcane was highly responsive to AMF colonization under favorable seasonal conditions. Seasonal environmental factors significantly influenced AMF occurrence, colonization intensity, and sporulation. The study suggests that winter and summer seasons are most suitable for AMF multiplication and inoculum development in selected cash crops.