Follow the lead ! Tracing the lead sources of Notre-Dame de Paris over the centuries using chemical and isotopic analyses

• First extensive and interdisciplinary study on construction lead combining 455 elemental and 133 isotopic analyses. • Identification of several lead sources supplying Notre-Dame de Paris alongside a high rate of recycling at all periods. • Identification of a single “initial lead bullion” for the 12 th -13 th centuries possibly reflecting the Parisian lead market. • Specific isotopic composition for the lead roof in the middle ages and 18 th -19 th centuries. • Introduction of new lead from Spain for the restorations in the middle of 19 th century.