Association of Preterm Birth With Long-term Survival, Reproduction, and Next-Generation Preterm Birth

CONTEXT: Preterm birth is a major cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Less is known about long-term health among persons born preterm. OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term effects of preterm birth on survival, reproduction, and next-generation preterm birth. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Population-based, observational, longitudinal study using registry data from 1,167,506 singleton births in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway in 1967-1988. The cohort was followed up through 2002 for survival. The cohort was truncated to births from 1967-1976 for assessment of educational achievement and reproductive outcomes through 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: In relation to sex and gestational age at birth, absolute mortality, risk of fetal, infant, child, and adolescent mortality, and incidence and risk of reproduction and next-generation preterm birth. Singleton term (37-42 weeks) fetal deaths and live births, stratified by sex, served as the reference group for all analyses. RESULTS: The percentage who were born preterm was higher among boys (5.6%) than among girls (4.7%). Preterm participants had an increased risk of mortality throughout childhood. For boys born at 22 to 27 weeks, mortality rates were 1.33% and 1.01% for early and late childhood death, with relative risks (RRs) of 5.3 (95% confidence interval CI, 2.0-14.2) and 7.0 (95% CI, 2.3-22.0), respectively. The mortality rate for girls born at 22 to 27 weeks was 1.71% for early childhood death, with an RR of 9.7 (95% CI, 4.0-23.7); there were no late childhood deaths. For 28 to 32 weeks, the early and late childhood mortality rates among boys were 0.73% and 0.37%, with RRs of 2.5 (95% CI, 1.6-3.7) and 2.3 (95% CI, 1.3-4.1), respectively. Girls born at 28 to 32 weeks did not have a significantly increased risk of childhood mortality. Reproduction was diminished for index participants born preterm. For men and women born at 22 to 27 weeks, absolute reproduction was 29.3corrected% and 51.9corrected%, with RRs of 0.59 corrected (95% CI, 0.45corrected-0.79corrected) and 0.78 corrected (95% CI, 0.65corrected-0.93corrected), respectively. For 28 to 32 weeks, absolute reproduction was 43.1corrected% and 63.6corrected% for men and women, with RRs of 0.81corrected (95% CI, 0.77corrected-0.86corrected) and 0.89 corrected (95% CI, 0.86 corrected-0.93 corrected), respectively. Preterm women but not men were at increased risk of having preterm offspring. CONCLUSION: In persons born in Norway in 1967-1988, preterm birth was associated with diminished long-term survival and reproduction.