Technology adoption models for Operator 5.0 implementations: A harmonized framework

• Proposed framework is expert-validated and guides Operator 5.0 adoption decisions. • The framework maps models by phase × dimension with graded support. • The framework reveals gaps especially in post-change and sustainability. • The framework delivers a clear visual tool for Operator 5.0 implementations. This article examines the alignment and applicability of prominent technology adoption models in supporting the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, with a particular emphasis on the Operator 5.0 paradigm. Industry 5.0 extends beyond technological integration, emphasizing human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience. However, the practical implementation of Operator 5.0 initiatives faces significant barriers due to insufficient frameworks addressing these holistic dimensions. Through a systematic literature review of nine prominent technology adoption models (categorized into individual user-level, system-centered, and holistic theories), this research identifies their suitability for supporting human-centric, resilient, and sustainable Operator 5.0 initiatives. Findings reveal variability in model applicability across implementation phases (pre-implementation, implementation, post-implementation) and dimensions of Operator 5.0. A harmonized framework, termed the TAMOP 5.0 (Technology Adoption Models for Operator 5.0), was developed to map the strengths, limitations, and contextual applicability of these models using a three-round Delphi study concluded with consensus (a priori consensus rule). The TAMOP 5.0 is a strategic visual tool for practitioners and researchers, offering guidance to enhance employee acceptance, engagement, and successful adoption of Operator 5.0 initiatives. In an illustrative cobot-retrofit case, TAMOP 5.0 operationalizes phased adoption decisions by linking pre-change ergonomic/absence baselines, implementation support, and post-change KPI monitoring. The study concludes with recommendations for practical applications and highlights the need for further empirical validation of the proposed framework.