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May 7, 2026Scientific ReportsOpen Access

Permeation behavior and filter cake formation of graded sand modified bentonite slurries in highly permeable strata

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Authors

ZWZhikui WangXYXiayi YaoJCJian Chen

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Overview

Randomized trial examines filter cake formation in graded sand modified bentonite slurries, suggesting implications for safe slurry-shield tunneling.

Key Points

  • This research aims to explore how graded sand affects the permeation behavior and filter cake formation in bentonite slurries within highly permeable strata.
  • Conducted a field-reflective column infiltration experiment in 2-5 mm formations with five sand gradations and three dosages (5-15 g/L).
  • Examined the permeation-cake-formation behavior based on the Nanjing Heyan Road river-crossing tunnel project.
  • Identified end states: permeation zone and coexistence of filter cake with permeation zone.
  • The maximum surface retention at 15 g/L is 0.55 kg/m², leading to the lowest permeation flux in the 4-5 mm formation.
  • Filter cake formation is influenced by gradation-pore-throat matching and dosage, where low dosages fail to create a continuous filter cake.
  • For effective filter cake formation, a minimum retention of 0.51 kg/m² is required for formations with permeability less than 5.29 × 10⁻² m/s.

Cite This Study

Wang et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69fc2ca48b49bacb8b34817ahttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-50393-6
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