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May 8, 2026Frontiers in Public HealthOpen Access

Trends and cross-country inequalities in the global burden of subarachnoid hemorrhage, 1990–2021: a population-based study

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Why the study?

Global and regional trends in subarachnoid hemorrhage burden and associated cross-country socioeconomic inequalities had not been comprehensively evaluated across 1990 to 2021.

Population

Global population across 204 countries and territories with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Comparison

Stratification by Socio-Demographic Index, sex, and region from 1990 to 2021

Design

Population-based study using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data

Key result

From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized incidence, prevalence, DALY, and mortality rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage declined significantly, despite an increase in absolute cases.

Authors

SLShuai LiLLLi LiXZXicheng Zhang

Discussion

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Overview

May support ongoing SAH prevention for clinicians; leaves open causal factors and socioeconomic inequalities for research.

Key Points

  • Analyze global and regional trends in subarachnoid hemorrhage burden from 1990 to 2021 and examine socioeconomic inequalities.
  • Utilized GBD 2021 data to assess SAH burden by incidence, prevalence, DALYs, and mortality.
  • Stratified data by Socio-Demographic Index (SDI), sex, and region for analysis.
  • Evaluated socioeconomic inequalities with Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index (CII).
  • Global SAH incident cases rose from 508,789 in 1990 to 697,486 in 2021.
  • Age-standardized incidence decreased from 11.69 to 8.33 per 100,000, with notable declines in East Asia and highest burden in Andean Latin America.
  • Socioeconomic inequalities increased, with DALY SII at −47.27 and mortality SII at −1.33, indicating a shift toward lower-income groups.

Study Design

Type

Observational

Structured PICO

P
Population
Global population across 204 countries and territories assessed for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) burden
O
Outcome
Incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality of subarachnoid hemorrhage

While absolute cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage are increasing globally due to population growth and aging, age-standardized rates are declining, though the burden is increasingly shifting toward socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.

Cite This Study

Li et al. (2026) conducted an observational in Subarachnoid hemorrhage. From 1990 to 2021, global age-standardized incidence, prevalence, DALY, and mortality rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage declined significantly, despite an increase in absolute cases.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69fd7cd4bfa21ec5bbf05c66https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1672856
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