Biostimulant-mediated tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in cotton: the roles of seaweed and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus

accumulation. Notably, under disease stress, biostimulant applications substantially suppressed disease severity, reducing values from nearly 60% to approximately 30%. Similarly, the pronounced effects of salinity observed under salinity and combined stress conditions were significantly alleviated by seaweed and AMF treatments. Overall, the combined application of seaweed extract and AMF emerges as an effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable agronomic strategy to enhance cotton resilience in production systems exposed to multiple stress factors.