Research on the Classification of Bows and Arrows Unearthed at Yanghai Cemetery

Sophisticated techniques for making compound bows were developed during the 1st millennium BC in the region of Xinjiang (新疆), China. The earliest compound bow unearthed in Xinjiang is similar in age to Tutankhamun's compound bow unearthed in Egypt. The early composite bow technology found at the Yanghai (洋海) Cemetery in Xinjiang dating to between 1300 BC and 500 BC is directly related to the ∑ composite bow technology found in the region between 500 BC and 200 BC, while the Niya (尼雅) type composite bow technology found in Xinjiang between 200 BC and the first century CE is more influenced by other regions. This paper mainly discusses the production technology of the ∑-type compound bows and Niya type compound bows found in Xinjiang, and studies the technical connections between them. It reveals the development of technology in ancient Yanghai based on the types, materials and craftsmanship of these bows and arrows, comparing these bows and arrows with those from other parts of Eurasia during the same period. The conclusion is that the asymmetric ∑-type composite bows found at Yanghai may have originated in East Asia. At the same time, the nomadic economy, metal arrows and war also contributed to their development and production. Based on this research, it can be confirmed that the ancient bows and arrows found at Yanghai had an important influence on the original Scythian bows and arrows. Also, this article discusses the routes of transmission of the ∑-type bow and arrows.