This review examines how extracellular vesicles regulate the tumor immune microenvironment, suggesting their potential in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Key Points
To explore the role of extracellular vesicles in the tumor immune microenvironment and their applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.
Systematic review of literature on extracellular vesicles in the tumor immune microenvironment.
Analysis of their biogenesis, molecular composition, and interactions within the immune system.
Discussion of clinical applications, including biomarker utility and engineered EVs for therapy.
Tumor-derived EVs are enriched with immunosuppressive molecules like PD-L1, promoting immune escape.
EVs from immune cells harbor immunostimulatory components, enhancing anti-tumor responses.
Challenges in EV isolation and standardization hinder clinical applications, despite their diagnostic and therapeutic promise.