What question did this study set out to answer?

This paper aims to characterize the multiset semantics in SPARQL and its comparison with Datalog and Relational Algebra.

May 8, 2026Semantic WebOpen Access

Multiset Semantics in SPARQL, Relational Algebra, and Datalog

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The paper analyzes multiset semantics across SPARQL, Datalog, and Relational Algebra, indicating their equivalence.

This paper aims to characterize the multiset semantics in SPARQL and its comparison with Datalog and Relational Algebra.
Analyzed multiset semantics in SPARQL patterns including AND, UNION, FILTER, EXCEPT, and SELECT.
Studied nonrecursive Datalog with safe negation for multisets and created multiset relational algebra.
Proved expressively equivalent structures among SPARQL, Datalog, and Relational Algebra under multiset semantics.
Established that the multiset semantics in SPARQL, Datalog, and Relational Algebra are expressively equivalent.
Identified key operations within SPARQL that align with traditional relational algebra and Datalog constructs.

Angles et al. (2026) studied this question.

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