Generation and Utility of Endocrine Functional Testicular Organoids

Male infertility is increasing in prevalence due to cancer treatment, environmental exposures, and patient-specific syndromes. Traditional two-dimensional culture systems inadequately recapitulate the complex three-dimensional architecture, microenvironment, and endocrine milieu essential for spermatogenesis. Testicular organoid models aim to circumvent the challenges of two-dimensional culture, mimicking key aspects of the testicular microenvironment, while enabling controlled experimental manipulation and patient-specific disease modeling.