) and a cycle life exceeding 900 cycles-nearly 20 times longer than conventional SnABs. An anode-free (without bulk Sn) configuration maintains stable operation for over 800 cycles, and ampere-hour-level cells demonstrate scalability. This work overcomes the rate and efficiency limitations of SnABs, establishing a pathway toward safe, low-cost aqueous energy storage systems.
Feng et al. (Thu,) studied this question.