under 65°C, along with an energy density of 18.65 Wh/L and EE of 81.25% at the same current density but 25°C, exhibiting stable cycling over 200 cycles. This work proposes a high-efficiency ICFB that can operate over a wide temperature range for the first time, offering a scalable pathway for developing next-generation ICFB electrolytes with enhanced efficiency, durability, and energy storage performance.
Nan et al. (2026) studied this question.