Energy Potential of Silver Fir and Norway Spruce Trees Affected by Dieback

This paper examines the energy potential of silver fir (Abies alba Mill) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) trees across three tree crown defoliation degrees (TCDDs): healthy, severely defoliated (61–99%) and dead. The study was conducted in the area of the Forest Administration Delnice, Management Unit »Milanov vrh«, in the Republic of Croatia. Field measurements were conducted on 83 silver fir trees and 114 Norway spruce trees to determine the mass of live and dead branches per tree and to collect samples of wood, bark, main live and dead branches, and side live and dead branches (in total, 813) for further laboratory analyses. Further, differences in wood basic density, moisture content, ash content, net calorific value, and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur content across TCDD classes were also determined. For both tree species, wood basic density across TCDDs decreased as follows: severely defoliated trees > healthy trees > dead trees. Regression analyses showed that the largest masses of branches occurred on healthy silver fir trees (R2 = 0.48), followed by severely defoliated (R2 = 0.41) and dead trees (R2 = 0.46). The same trend in determined total branch mass per tree was observed for Norway spruce trees, where the coefficient of determination was highest for dead trees (R2 = 0.72), followed by severely defoliated (R2 = 0.69) and healthy (R2 = 0.61) trees. A negative correlation between moisture content and TCDD class was observed for wood, bark, and live branches. The highest net calorific value was found for side live branches for both researched species, and only the net calorific value of side live branches of Norway spruce was statistically significantly different across TCDD classes. Overall, this study showed a negative impact of TCDD on the amount of available tree residues (branches) that could be utilized as a solid biofuel. Furthermore, the results of the laboratory analyses were ambiguous, increasing the complexity and heterogeneity of the wood material and underscoring the need for further investigation.