Abstract This work aims to highlight the issues related to the interpretation of the bradyseism phenomenon in the Campi Flegrei caldera based on the outcomes of the main studies published in recent times. Bradyseism at the Campi Flegrei caldera is a very debated process, and different studies propose contrasting interpretations of its origin. Bradyseism is characterized by phases of uplift and subsidence of the ground, with the uplift being generally accompanied by an increase in seismicity and fumarolic emissions. The main limitation in developing reliable volcano forecasts derives from the uncertainty surrounding the nature (mainly magmatic or hydrothermal) of the source of uplift (at ~ 4–5 km depth) and the difficulty in constraining the dynamic processes occurring in the deeper magmatic system. Although geophysical and geochemical studies provide valuable snapshots of the crustal structure and volcano’s shallow dynamics, they have limited predictive capability. Given these uncertainties, multiple scenarios must be continuously evaluated through integrated monitoring and geophysical investigations, including deep drilling of the caldera floor. Future research should focus on the interaction between the deep magmatic system and shallow sources, the dynamics of seismicity during uplift phases, and the thermodynamic conditions that may lead to eruptions. Maintaining rigorous scientific collaboration and careful communication is essential, particularly in a densely populated volcanic area such as Campi Flegrei.
Stefano Carlino (2026) studied this question.
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