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Advances in Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Focus on PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade and Beyond

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Review highlights immunotherapy's evolution in treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting improved outcomes and novel strategies.

This review examines the progress in immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, particularly through PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
Review of landmark trials such as KEYNOTE-048 and CheckMate 141
Analysis of differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative tumor profiles
Discussion of emerging therapies and combination strategies
Pembrolizumab and nivolumab improved median overall survival by 2-4 months compared to the EXTREME regimen.
KEYNOTE-689 trial showed superior event-free survival of 59.7 months with perioperative pembrolizumab versus 29.6 months for placebo.
Emerging therapies targeting resistance, such as anti-LAG-3/TIM-3 and oncolytic viruses, are under exploration.

Fei et al. (2026) studied this question.

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Review highlights immunotherapy's evolution in treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting improved outcomes and novel strategies.