Age as a moderator of gender differences in Five-Factor Model personality traits: A cross-national and cross-sectional study.

= 3,038,567; ages 10-65 years, 68 countries), we found that age significantly moderated gender differences in Five-Factor Model personality traits, with substantial cross-national variation. The gender gap in Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness was wider among older adults in countries with higher levels of individualistic and self-expressive values, higher Human Development Education Index scores, and later mean ages at first marriage and childbearing for women. These findings suggest that broader educational, cultural, and family-related contexts may shape the expression of personality traits across the lifespan. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).