Understanding physical activity through the biopsychosocial model of health in young adults (19–30 years of age) with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A mixed methods systematic review

As young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) age, they experience greater risk of developing chronic health conditions and social isolation. Was to understand the extent that physical activity (PA) was successful at improving the physical, mental and social health and well-being of young adults (19 – 30 years of age) with IDDs. The Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis was used as a guide. A convergent integrated approach to data analysis was used, which involved simultaneous coding of qualitative and quantitative evidence. All data were coded into sub-themes which were organized according to the Biopsychosocial Model of Health. Twenty articles ( n = 20) were included in the review ( n = 17 quantitative, n = 3 qualitative). PA interventions were reported with a myriad of benefits. Biological sub-themes included improved aerobic fitness, functional fitness, and indicators of body composition. Psychological sub-themes included personal development, self-efficacy, and emotional well-being. Social sub-themes included developing social relationships, community and inclusion. Quality of life included positive affect. PA can reduce the risk of developing chronic health conditions while improving self-efficacy, social skills and adaptive behaviours and providing opportunities to exercise autonomy. Sports and combined games/activities were more commonly reported to improve social skills, and help develop teamwork, whereas less structured PAs were more commonly reported to improve independent decision making. PA resulted in improved quality of life for people with IDDs. We recommend PAs for adults with IDDs, appreciating the broad spectrum of PAs this includes and the variety of potential health benefits. • PA can lead to quantitative and qualitative benefits to health and well-being. • PA can reduce the risk of developing chronic health conditions that are common for those with IDDs. • Sports and combined games/activities were commonly reported to improve social domains of health. • Less structured PAs were commonly reported to improve psychological domains of health. • PA includes a broad range of activities and can be individually tailored to be enjoyable, accessible and beneficial.