Development and In Vivo evaluation of liposomal fentanyl nanocarriers using thin-film hydration and AI-based characterization for enhanced analgesic efficacy in anesthesia

> 0.85) for key formulation characteristics. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of AI-driven characterization (CNN for SEM) and predictive modeling (GPR) into the development and optimization of liposomal fentanyl nanocarriers, enabling objective morphological analysis and data-driven formulation design. The developed liposomal fentanyl formulation provides sustained drug release, increased analgesic efficacy and improved safety compared to standard fentanyl. This AI-enhanced approach offers a promising strategy for optimizing liposomal drug delivery systems in anesthesia and pain management.