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Results from 3D global gyrokinetic particle simulations of ion-temperature-gradient driven microturbulence in a toroidal plasma show that the ion thermal transport level in the interior region exhibits significant dependence on the ion-ion collision frequency even in regimes where the instabilities are collisionless. This is identified as arising from the Coulomb collisional damping of turbulence-generated zonal flows.
Lin et al. (Mon,) studied this question.