The Skin-Effect at High Frequencies

During the last years, monolithic integrated circuits have been used more and more in microwave techniques. As a result, the metallization thickness of the planar circuits became of the order of the skin depth even at very high frequencies, so that the approximate methods for loss calculations used until recently must be revised. In this paper, a variational formulation of the skin-effect problem for calculating the losses as well as the inner inductances of components in such circuits will be described, and the first numerical results of the method will be discussed.