• A Systematic Review mapped the state of the art in the numerical-experimental analysis of 3D printing of concrete (3DCP). • Research has intensified over the past five years, driven by 3DCP security, durability, and standardization. • Improved models demonstrate high accuracy in predicting structural responses and optimizing the extrusion process. • Critical gap: absence of a unified computational model capable of simulating the entire 3DCP cycle, from mixing to failure. • Advances are suggested in the development of new test standards adapted to the anisotropic and interface nature. 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is an innovative technology that offers material optimization and architectural flexibility but introduces complex anisotropic behavior due to the interfaces between layers. This study performs a systematic review of 125 articles to investigate three critical issues: the scale limitations of numerical models, the boundaries of applicability of the finite element method (FEM), and the reliability of constitutive models in predicting failures. The qualitative analysis identified the intensification of research in flow simulation, mechanical characterization, and damage modeling and indicated that small-scale validated models often fail to predict full-scale instabilities and that continuous approaches oversimplify interlaminar fracture. The study concludes that the safe advancement of 3DCP depends on a multi-scale modeling framework that integrates anisotropy, from the deposition process to the final structure, and the establishment of testing standards for interfaces and reinforcements, essential to ensure structural integrity in practical engineering applications.
Lima et al. (Fri,) studied this question.
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